Papua New Guinea, with over 800 indigenous languages, faces unique challenges in implementing multilingual education policies. This ethnographic study conducted in 15 primary schools across four provinces examines the practical realities of the vernacular-to-English transition policy. Data from classroom observations, teacher interviews, and document analysis reveal significant gaps between policy intentions and implementation outcomes. The study highlights successful community-based approaches.

This longitudinal study examines Armenian university students experiences with online collaborative learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath. Survey data from 412 students across three academic years at four universities were analyzed alongside focus group discussions. Findings reveal evolving student preferences, with hybrid models gaining popularity post-pandemic. The study identifies critical success factors including technological infrastructure and peer support mechanisms.

This qualitative study examines secondary school science teachers perspectives on integrating indigenous knowledge systems into the formal science curriculum in Marsabit and Turkana counties, Kenya. Through in-depth interviews with 32 teachers and analysis of curriculum documents, we identified key facilitators and barriers to meaningful integration. Teachers expressed positive attitudes toward incorporating local ecological knowledge but cited inadequate training and assessment challenges.

This study investigates the development of critical thinking skills through project-based learning implementation in Slovak vocational secondary schools. Using a pretest-posttest design with 187 students from technical and business programs, we measured critical thinking abilities using the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal adapted for Slovak context. Results demonstrate that PBL significantly enhanced students inference and evaluation skills, particularly in technical programs.

This comparative study explores patterns of parental involvement in early childhood education settings across urban Dhaka and semi-urban areas in Rangpur division, Bangladesh. Data collected from 256 parents through structured questionnaires and focus group discussions revealed significant disparities in involvement levels based on maternal education and socioeconomic status. The study identifies culturally-specific barriers to parental engagement and proposes community-based intervention strategies.

This quasi-experimental study evaluates the effectiveness of a culturally-adapted social-emotional learning intervention for adolescents with learning disabilities in Chilean secondary schools. Participants included 128 students aged 14-17 from three municipalities in the Araucania region. Over a 16-week implementation period, students receiving the intervention showed significant improvements in emotional regulation and peer relationships compared to the control group.

This paper investigates the effectiveness of digital literacy professional development programs for primary school teachers in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Through semi-structured interviews with 45 teachers and classroom observations across 12 schools, we analyzed the challenges and opportunities in implementing technology-enhanced pedagogy. Findings reveal that sustainable professional development requires ongoing mentorship support and context-specific resource adaptation.

This study examines the implementation of gamification strategies in secondary mathematics classrooms across rural Indonesian schools. Using a mixed-methods approach involving 342 students from 8 schools in Central Java, we investigated the impact of game-based learning elements on student engagement and mathematical achievement. Results indicate significant improvements in both intrinsic motivation and problem-solving performance. The findings suggest that culturally-adapted gamification frameworks can effectively bridge educational gaps in resource-limited settings.

This work aims to take a tour through different concepts and features that concern the historical period called modernity, without the intention of carrying out a discussion about the main definitions that surround it - which, as is known, are still in full debate -, but rather using these categories to characterize and exemplify certain aspects of referential Emar´s works, such as Cartas a Carmen (1998), M[i] V[ida]: diaries (1911-1917) (2006), Cartas a Guni Pirque (2010) and Diarios de viaje (2017) and fiction, such as Ayer (1935), Miltín 1934 (1935), Cavilaciones (2014) and Regreso (2016), which are inserted in the heart of the 20th century, one of the most relevant centuries of this period.

The widespread use of mobile phones has raised concerns about their effects on lifestyle and psychological well-being, especially regarding body image and health behaviors. This study aimed to examine the differences in mobile usage, body satisfaction, physical activity levels, and eating habits in sociodemographic characteristics among young adults. A cross-sectional study was administered with 206 university students (mean age=20.7±3.49 years, height=168±11.1 cm, and weight=70.7±21.5 kg. Measures included the smartphone addiction scale short version, body image questionnaire, International Physical Activity Questionnaire short-form, and eating disorders scale. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation test. Males reported significantly higher physical activity scores than females, while eating habits scores were higher among males compared to females. Mobile Usage was significantly lower among married participants compared to single participants. Comparisons by education level across students, government/private employees, and other groups show no significant differences in mobile usage, body image, physical activity, or eating habits. The evidence indicates that mobile usage patterns contribute to the development and maintenance of eating disorders across genders, with females showing heightened vulnerability. The mechanistic pathways are likely mediated by physical activity and body dissatisfaction and appear largely similar between the sexes.

- In recent years, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in healthcare has enabled real-time monitoring and intelligent diagnosis through distributed sensor networks. However, this advancement also introduces critical challenges in preserving patient data privacy, particularly during the training of machine learning models on sensitive medical information. This paper presents an Adaptive Gradient Descent (AGD) algorithm enhanced with Differential Privacy (DP) to safeguard sensitive healthcare data in IoT systems. The proposed framework combines local differential privacy mechanisms with adaptive learning rate control, enabling secure and efficient gradient updates without directly exposing raw patient data. Each participating IoT node performs local model training and injects calibrated noise into gradients before sharing updates with the central server. The use of an adaptive learning rate not only accelerates convergence but also balances the privacy–utility trade-off, especially in non-IID (non-identically distributed) healthcare data scenarios common in real-world deployments. We validate the approach using real-world healthcare datasets, demonstrating its effectiveness in achieving high model accuracy while maintaining rigorous privacy guarantees. Compared to standard SGD with DP, our AGD-DP method achieves up to 15% improvement in convergence speed and significant reduction in privacy loss (ε) under the same utility constraints. This makes our solution highly suitable for privacy-preserving analytics in resource-constrained healthcare IoT environments.

This research investigates the dynamical peculiarities of the hybrid systems within the influences of condensation structures at finite temperatures. Such characteristics are significantly delicate about the extent of dynamical systems and the phase characteristics of the nonlinear systems. Thus the present study elucidates the intricate stochastic processes under the specific conditions of scientific computing. While the stochastic methods with their intercepts are demonstrated frequently and therefore the multianalytical analysis of higher order correlations is examined rarely which possesses the innovative techniques to explore the peculiarities with various substantial aspects for the hybrid granular systems. A set of innovative techniques is introduced to analyze the systems with various numerical schemes and hence the methodologies assembled allow us to examine the influences of coherent structures at various momenta regimes instead of unmeasured intercepts. Therefore, the present demonstration probes the material phase transitions and the considered critical phenomena to examine the states of matter in a partially chaotic granular medium. We examine the intrinsic characteristics of the produced systems at various energies with critical solutions that contain consequential information which can be implemented to comprehend the stability, existence and dynamical behavior of the dynamical systems. We use pertinent equations to compute the stochastic interception for the spherical granular droplet systems to explicate the idiosyncrasies of the particle-expelled structures, and thus the presented techniques exhibit precise observations and intriguing measurements to measure the internal structure of the nonlinear phenomena to use them in medical fields.

Assessment of learning challenges plays a crucial role in identifying students’ learning difficulties and challenges in learning statistics, which help educators find effective methodologies to improve academic performance. This study aims to assess the learning challenges in statistics of College of Arts and Science (CAS) students at Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology. A mixed-methods sequential explanatory research design was employed to achieve the study\'s objectives. A total of 115 CAS students participated in the study, selected through a purposive sampling method. Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) the majority of the students experienced challenges and difficulties in Statistics, specifically in solving and analyzing problems under correlation analysis, regressions, and hypothesis testing, and their applications. (2) Students in CAS did not meet the expected scores to meet the learning objectives in the identified topics, experienced challenges, and difficulties. (3) In understanding the lessons in statistics, students evidently experienced moderate learning challenges under the three domains of learning: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. (4). The strategic intervention materials may be proposed to be developed based on the findings of the study to help improve the students’ learning skills and performance in Statistics. Based on the foregoing conclusions, the following are recommended: (1) students may give more time and effort to learn. They may also try to explore other learning sources and online platforms, such as Edmodo, Prodigy Games, Math Training, and other platforms that could help develop their skills and improve their academic performance. (2) Teachers may integrate strategic intervention materials to help students improve and develop their learning skills in all domains of learning.

the question of how far consent can shield an individual from criminal liability in cases of reckless disease transmission remains unsettled and deeply debated. While criminal law respects autonomy and acknowledges the right of adults to make choices about their own bodies, the reckless spread of serious infections raises broader concerns about public safety and the limits of personal freedom. This paper explores that tension by examining the role of consent in prosecutions involving reckless transmission of infectious diseases. It reviews how courts have defined recklessness, the degree of knowledge required on the part of the accused, and whether a partner’s agreement to engage in risky conduct should mitigate or exclude liability. Drawing on judicial precedents and comparative perspectives, the discussion highlights inconsistencies in legal reasoning and the competing goals of protecting individual liberty and safeguarding public health. The paper concludes that while consent should inform culpability, it cannot serve as an absolute defence when conduct creates a substantial risk of harm to others. A nuanced legal framework is needed, one that respects autonomy while preventing avoidable harm to society.

This study examines how economic policy uncertainty (EPU), international trade, and macroeconomic factors affect credit supply in China over the period, using an ARDL framework. An ARDL model with causality analysis was employed to examine both short- and long-run dynamics. The results show that EPU, exchange rate movements, and inflation have significant short-term effects on lending, while their long-term impact is limited. The temporary rise in credit under increased EPU suggests that banks adjust short-term lending to maintain liquidity and client relationships. Similarly, fluctuations in exchange rates and CPI influence lending in the short run. These findings showed the sensitivity of China’s banking sector to policy and economic shocks and highlight the importance of stable policy environments and financial reforms to support sustainable credit allocation, fostering long-term financial stability, promoting efficient resource distribution, and enhancing the resilience of China’s financial system against future uncertainties.

This study designed and evaluated a creative music teaching module aimed at enhancing the executive function (EF) of urban left-behind children in China. A total of 60 children aged six to seven years were selected through random sampling and assigned to either an experimental group (creative music instruction) or a control group (traditional music teaching). Executive function was measured using standardized tasks assessing inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility at three time points. The data were analyzed using mixed-design repeated measures ANOVA. Results indicated significant improvements in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < .05). Specifically, children who received creative music instruction demonstrated consistent gains across all three EF domains, while the control group showed limited progress. The findings provide empirical evidence that creative music pedagogy can effectively enhance executive function among urban left-behind children. This study highlights the potential of integrating creative music thinking into early education as an innovative approach to fostering cognitive development in disadvantaged student populations.