Teochew opera, a traditional Chinese performing art from Guangdongs Chaozhou region, has a long history in Malaysia, transcending its role as mere entertainment and becoming deeply embedded in religious and cultural practices. However, in recent decades, it has faced challenges such as declining audience interest, competition from modern entertainment forms, and the fading of traditional values among younger generations. These issues raise concerns about the future of Teochew opera and its role in Malaysian Chinese society. This study uses qualitative methods such as ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and archival research to explore how Teochew opera continues to survive and maintain relevance in Malaysia despite these obstacles. Specifically, it examines the operas transformation into a religious offering during rituals. The research also explores the motivations behind the sponsorship of these performances, including acts of filial piety, social status elevation, and the desire for divine blessings. Findings reveal that Teochew opera has evolved into a ritualistic gift to deities, ancestors, and spirits, reflecting a reciprocal relationship where humans offer performances in exchange for divine favour. This has helped sustain its cultural and spiritual significance in the Malaysian Chinese community, enabling its endurance despite modern pressures.

Numerous studies have examined the direct and indirect relationships between teacher support and academic achievement in learners, primarily adolescents in the US, China, and other countries, but Vietnam has been excluded. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of intrinsic motivation and engagement between teacher support and academic achievement among college students in Vietnam. Six hundred forty-two Vietnamese college students (78.3% female) completed measures of perceived teacher support, intrinsic motivation, academic engagement, and academic achievement. SPSS 20 and SMART PLS 3.9 software were used for data analysis. The results of the study showed that teacher support is not directly related to academic achievement (B = 0.039, p > 0.05); academic engagement is fully mediated between teacher support and academic achievement (B = 0.076, 95% CI = [0.039; 0.114]); intrinsic motivation and academic engagement are fully chain mediated between teacher support and academic achievement (B = 0.021, 95% CI = [0.011; 0.033]). The results emphasize the role of intrinsic motivation and academic engagement between teacher support and academic achievement among college students. According to the findings of this study, to improve students academic achievement, measures should be strengthened on teacher support, intrinsic motivation and academic engagement.

This qualitative study aimed to identify the optimal formula for attaining organisational excellence by integrating quantitative performance measurements with a commitment to employee wellbeing. The article, grounded in comprehensive research from academic databases and industry publications, challenges the prevalent notion that high performance is the sole criterion for achieving exceptional performance. The study's results indicate that organisations can cultivate a culture of continuous improvement and achieve exceptional performance by adopting a balanced strategy that integrates high standards with empathetic and considerate leadership. Rigour in organisations is delineated, along with its components and the implications for operational efficiency and quality assurance. Moreover, the study elucidates how the application of data analysis and analytical tools can enhance an organisation's strategic performance. The significance of compassion is elucidated, along with its beneficial impact on fostering a pleasant work atmosphere characterised by empathy and emotional intelligence. The article further explores the convergence of rigour and compassion, identifying potential methods for attaining equilibrium. Additionally, it discusses the proposed theoretical foundations for the model, the measuring instruments, and the implementation plans, which encompass training and successful change management. Furthermore, identified research gaps are examined, along with the consequences of the findings for managers and leaders, and recommendations for organisations aiming for excellence are emphasised. The study ultimately indicates that sustainable success or excellence is attainable just through the integration of rigour and compassion, which would significantly affect stakeholders. This research advocates a transformation in organisational cultures and urges businesses to abandon the myth of the merciless high performance to facilitate enhanced innovation, commitment, and achievement.

In order to retain current clients and draw in new ones, customer relationship management is crucial. Businesses are becoming increasingly focused on developing relationships with their customers as a result of the implementation of consumer distribution modes. A CRM system has been constructed. The CRM intelligent system has a vast amount of customer data that is analyzed using data mining techniques based on the attributes of customer relationships. The procedure of implementing DM in CRM has been proposed. The ID3 algorithm's drawbacks and the enhanced algorithm's merits are examined. K-means clustering analysis and an improved ID3 decision tree are used to explain to the client. It can offer valuable customer data, cut costs for improved customer care, and increase customer happiness and the company's competitiveness in the market.

The tooth is a complex structure made up of mineralized tissues—including enamel, dentin, and cementum—along with soft tissues such as the dental pulp and periodontal ligament. Preserving the integrity of these components is crucial for maintaining oral health. However, various harmful habits, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, betel nut chewing, and other behavioral oral habits, can significantly affect dental well-being. Smoking and alcohol use are linked to both systemic diseases and oral health deterioration. Tobacco use, in particular, is a wellestablished risk factor for periodontal disease, tooth discoloration, and increased susceptibility to cavities. The relationship between these detrimental habits and dental health is complex, involving microbial alterations, reduced salivary flow, and direct chemical effects on tooth structure. This review examines the impact of these habits on dental health, explores the underlying mechanisms, and discusses strategies for prevention and management.

BACKGROUNDː Irrigants used during chemo-mechanical preparation flush these loose debris out, act as an antimicrobial agent, and dissolve the inorganic & organic component of smear layer leading to improved adaption between sealer to the dentinal walls. The present study evaluated the effect of 10% Triphala as the final irrigant on the Push-out bond strength (POBS) of BioRootTM RCS to Root canal dentin. METHODSː36 single-rooted teeth were decoronated and standardized to length 16± 1. Root canals were prepared till F3 ProTaper Gold using 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) as the irrigant. Following the radicular preparation, the roots were allocated into 3 groups (n=12), namely 10% Triphala, 17% EDTA and 0.9% Saline and were used as final test irrigants. The samples were then horizontally sectioned into 2mm slices and one sample from the middle third was taken and was filled with BioRootTM RCS sealer using a hand plugger. After 1 week, the tooth sections were subjected to POBS measurement using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Results were analysed statistically with the help of one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey Honest Significant Different test. RESULTSː The maximum POBS was observed with 17% EDTA (3.569 MPa), followed by 10% Triphala (3.48 MPa) and the minimum was observed with 0.9% Saline group (2.243 MPa). On intragroup comparison, no significant differences were noted between 10% Triphala and 17% EDTA groups. However, both 10% Triphala and 17 % EDTA showed highly significant differences in comparison to 0.9% Saline. Results of the fractographic analysis revealed that out of a total 36 samples, 22.3% showed adhesive failure, 17.1% showed cohesive failure and 60.6% showed mixed failure. CONCLUSIONː Within the limitations of this study, 10% Triphala is comparable to 17% EDTA as the final irrigant with respect to POBS of BioRootTM RCS to root canal dentin.

Pulp capping materials posses a vital role in in maintain structural integrity of tooth. Ca++/OHrelease which often play a pivotal role are often ignored. To ensure all the properties are given equal importance, this systematic review was conducted to select the pulp capping agent which fulfils all the properties required for a successful clinical outcome.This review insights common clinician for selecting a material during deep carious management.The aim of this review is to select the best pulp capping material that satisfies all the requirements of physical, chemical and biological properties that are beneficial for pulp therapy.Protocol was formulated in accordance with PRISMA checklist 2020 and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020160461). Electronic search from databases such as Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were performed from the year 2008– 2023. In Vitro studies that evaluated chemical, physical, mechanical and biological properties of pulp capping agents were included. A total of 15 studies were included in the systematic review. After assessing the risk of bias using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, data was compiled of the included studies. A total of 3038 articles were retrieved from selected databases and out of which 15 studies were included in this review. Based on the risk of bias assessment 2 studies were of very good quality, 5 studies of good quality and 8 studies were of satisfactory quality. Among the pulp capping agents, Tech Biosealer capping, MTA Plus gel and Biodentine exhibited high values of Calcium ion release both at short (3 days) and long-time interval (28 days) whereas Lime-Lite released least amount of Calcium ions. Biodentine had the highest compressive strength and is most cytocompatible. This review leads to the conclusion that calcium silicate-based materials demonstrate superior chemical, physico-mechanical and biological properties, closely aligning with the desirable attributes for pulp therapy. Out of the Calcium silicate-based materials Biodentine exhibits properties that are best for pulpal healing.

India as a developing country is gaining importance in several spheres in the world arena. To fulfill the dream of our Former President Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam to make India a ‘Powerful Nation’, all citizens of India need to strive hard. Energy and environment are the main yard stick to measure the country’s sustainable development. In this regard the present study addresses these issues and present workable solutions for energy security and environmental sanitation. Thus, a time has come to put into practice the viable cleaner technologies to achieve this millennium goal. It is hoped that this micro level study will be an eye opener to all those starting large institutions and using fossil fuels for quantity cookery to utilize organic waste in their premises to make a pollution free country and save it from energy crisis. This paper deals with resource recovery from organic waste biogas plants .A bio gas plant have been constructed in the college premise and resource recovery from organic waste have been achieved.

Granular palm shell activated carbon (AC) was impregnated separately with monoethanolamine (MEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) to improve its natural capacity and selectivity for carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption. The total surface area, micropore volume, as well as the heterogeneity of the impregnated AC particles was considerably reduced due to impregnation. CO2 intake of impregnated 500 µm AC particles improved significantly and adsorptive capacity of 500 µm MEA-impregnated AC particles improved by 172 % and 44 % comparing to non-impregnated and AMP-impregnated AC particles respectively. Solid state amine stoichiometric results indicated that adsorption capacity of unhindered amine (MEA) is higher than that of hindered amine (AMP) by 50 % contrary to liquid amines standard stoichiometry. Exhausted AMP-impregnated beds were regenerated by sweeping at room temperature with stream of pure nitrogen (N2) flowing at 60 ml/min for 4 hours. Heating up to 75 °C was required to regenerate exhausted MEA-impregnated beds. Increasing feed gas flow rate has adverse effect on breakthrough time more than increasing bed operating temperature. Breakthrough time was utilized to evaluate the performance of the different adsorption beds

We present an overview of privacy preserving data mining, one of the most popular directions in the data mining research community. In the first part of the chapter, we presented approaches that have been proposed for the protection of either the sensitive data itself in the course of data mining or the sensitive data mining results, in the context of traditional (relational) datasets. Following that, in the second part of the chapter, we focused our attention on one of the most recent as well as prominent directions in privacy preserving data mining: the mining of user mobility data. Although still in its infancy, privacy preserving data mining of mobility data has attracted a lot of research attention and already counts a number of methodologies both with respect to sensitive data protection and to sensitive knowledge hiding. Finally, in the end of the chapter, we provided some roadmap along the field of privacy preserving mobility data mining as well as the area of privacy preserving data mining at large.

In the era of information overload, text summarization has become a focus of attention in a number of diverse fields such as, question answering system, intelligence analysis, news recommendation, search result in web search engine, and so on. A good document representation is the key point in any successful summarizer. Learning this representation become a very active research in natural language processing field (NLP). Word embeddings has an excellent performance in many NLP tasks. In this paper, a modified BM25 with Word Embeddings are used to build the sentence vectors from word vectors. The entire document is represented as a set of sentence vectors. Then, the similarity between every pair of sentence vectors is computed. After that, TextRank, a graph-based model, is used to rank the sentences. The summary is generated by picking the top ranked sentences according to the compression rate. Two datasets are used to evaluate the models, DUC2002 and DUC2004. The experimental results show that the proposed models perform comprehensively better compared to the state-of-the-art methods.

This paper covers the changes in women labour force and their participation along with categorical employment status as well as main economic activities in Bangladesh. In particular, it pays attention to regional variations on female labour force. Employment, in a poor country like Bangladesh, provides the critical link between economic growth and poverty alleviation as the vast majority of the people depends on employment as their only source of livelihood. The labour market, however, is one of the most important mechanisms for transmitting the benefits of economic growth to different groups in the society. Women, being a significant part of the population, play a significant role in the economic growth of the country. This paper makes an attempt to explore the situation of women labour force to find a clear image in formulating new policies and programmes regarding women employment in Bangladesh.

The aims of this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of sowing time and suitable density of experimental wheat genotypes in Sararood, Kermanshah during the years 2012-2013. The experimental design was factorial split based on complete randomized block design with four replications. Three cultivars of durum wheat (SAGI, BCR and STG) were evaluated in 4 plant densities (25, 35, 45 and 50 plants / m2) at three sowing time (25th of October, 10th of November and 25th of November). Analysis of variance showed that the significant effect of yearly treatments (on plant height, number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, biological yield and harvest index), sowing time (on number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, grain yield and biological yield), plant density (on weight of per 1000 seed) and cultivar (plant height, number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, biological yield and 1000-seed weight), and interaction treatments, the interaction between sowing time × cultivar (on weight of per 1000 seed), density × Cultivars (on 1000-seed weight, biological yield and harvest index) and finally the triple effect of sowing time × density × cultivar (on 1000-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield, and Harvest index). The results of the comparison of the mean simple effects showed that the highest values were obtained in sowing time of October 25 and cultivars of 45 and 50 plants per square meter from the second year. Also, the comparison of mean interaction effects showed that the significant effect of cultivar × cultivar on 1000-grain weight , also STG cultivar was obtained the highest 1000-seed weight in sowing time of November 10th . In treatment of density × cultivar interaction, STG cultivar at 25 density (1000 seed weight), SAJI cultivar at 50 densities (biological yield) and BCR at 25 densities (harvest index) were the highest values. . Finally, in treatments of triple effect, STG cultivar with 25 shoot densities and sowing time of 10th of November were the highest 1000-seed weight, SAJI cultivar at 45 plant densities and sowing time of 25th of October has the highest grain yield and harvest index, SAJI cultivar at 35 shoot density and date Planting 25th of October produced the highest biological yield. In general, according to the results, the SAJI cultivar is recommended in the density of 45 plants per square meter and sowing time of October 25.

It is shown that a fractional evolution equation is reduced to a func-\ntional equation with proportional delay. Which in turn can be reduced\nto partial differential equations with variable coefficients. By using the\nextended unied method, some exact solutions to the fractional Burger\'s\nequation are obtained.

Background \nFall is a major health issue in the elderly people and an important cause of bone fracture. The aim of this study was to determine the association between quadriceps muscle strength (QMS) and falls in the elderly subjects.\nMethods \nAll eligible participants of the Amirkola Cohort Study entered the study. Data regarding demographic characteristics, clinical and laboratory examinations were provided from the database. Occurrence of falls during previous year was determined by interview and review of the medical records. The study patients were divided into low, moderate and high muscle strength groups according to QMS values > 30, 15-30, and<15 kg respectively). Association between muscle strength and falls was determined by using mmultiple logistic regression analysis with calculation of odds ratio (OR).\n\nResults\n A total 1028 participants (females, 44.3%) were analyzed and 178(17.3%) subjects experienced fall. Individuals with falls had higher age (p=0.001) and lower QMS value (p= 0.001). After adjustment for all clinical and demographic variables, occurrence of falls was negatively associated with QMS and positively associated with age > 70 years old. Compared to group with QMS >30 kg, the prevalence of falls in low and moderate QMS groups increased by OR= 3(95% CI, 1.78-5.05) and 2.18 (95% CI, 1.22-3.42) respectively. \nConclusion\n These findings indicate that older subjects with lower QMS are at greater risk of falls. These findings provide a rational for muscle strengthening exercise in older people.

The purpose of this study was to predict self-controlling and affective regulation in juveniles through personality traits in delinquents. Therefore, in this research all delinquencies which were supervised in the correction and rehabilitation center and included 60 individuals have been studied as an accidental sample. In order to collect data, personality questionnaire of Eysenck and also self- controlling and affective regulation questionnaires have been applied. The results obtained from the statistical analysis of Pearson coefficient and synchronized regression showed that there are significant relationships between two factors of neuroticism and psychoticism with self- controlling and affective regulation and the factors of neuroticism and psychoticism could predict self- controlling and all personality traits have enough capability to predict affective regulation. Only the factor of extraversion has no significant relationship with self- controlling and affective regulation and does not have enough capability to predict them. Finally, consistencies among these findings with the other research and the ratio of personality traits in predicting self-controlling and affective regulation are being discussed.

The kidneys of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients do not function well enough to meet the needs of daily life. One of common processes for cleansing wastes from their blood is hemodialyis(HD). HD requires an access point for connecting dialyzer machine to patient’s vascular system. This connection is provided by vascular access surgery (VAS) and VAS is done using a vascular access (VA) method.\nIn VA methods, arteriovenous fistula (AVF) has least complications such as morbidity and mortality, AVF is the first choice of VA in the world. Despite the wide-spread use of AVFs, some factors maximize dysfunction of AVF, which, in turn, cause AVF failure and forcing CKD patient for repeating VAS.\nThe structure of AVF is based on Artery and Venous vessels. Studying about diameters of these vessels and angle between them can discover their effects on result of this surgery.\n48 Iranian HD patients were studied using their AVF images which are created by one surgeon. The rate of their AVF failure was 8.85%, which were complicated due to thrombosis.\nThe study provided: (i) A new coefficient was defined as: (Artery diameter * Vein diameter) / AVF length (ii) There is a significant association between defined coefficient with AVF maturation (Pearson\'s rho=0.489, P-value≤0.001); This concludes a range for length of AVF which was released as: its minimum length should be ≥ 0.51 × (Artery diameter × Vein diameter) and maximum should be ≤ 2,26 × (Artery diameter × Vein diameter). (iii) The best angle – which has lowest rate of AVF failure – is 30° between artery and vein vessels.

Considering the importance of nanoparticles in today\'s world and its importance in plants, this study focused on the effect of ZnO nanoparticles and bulk ZnO on seed germination and seedling growth of the medicinal plant Portulaca oleracea L. The seeds of this plant were treated with 4 concentrations of ZnO NPs ( 0,10,100 and 500 mgl-1) and bulk ZnO ( 0,10,100 and 500 mgl-1), and were grown in an incubator for 8 days at 25°C. Seed germination and growth (seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, root shoot length and their ratio) were measured. The results indicated that the germination percentage of the seeds and the rates of growth of the sprouts were inversely proportional to the concentration of nanoparticles and also the concentration of zinc metal, so that the seed germination percentage was significantly higher by ZnO NPs with concentration of 500 mgl-1. Both the root and shoot growth of the seedlings were markedly reduced by enhanced bulk ZnO with concentration of 10 mgl-1.\nTherefore, the results suggest that the effect of ZnO nanoparticles in contrast to bulk ZnO on the seed germination and seedling growth of purslane is not the same.

Purpose:\nTo identify the correlation between diabetic retinopathy (DR), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness detected by OCT.\n\nMethods:\nA prospective study including diabetic patients (20 eyes) and non-diabetic control subjects (10 eyes). Baseline optical coherence tomography was employed to measure retinal thickness in the macula (superior, inferior, nasal, temporal and central) and the peripapillary zone (superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal). Nine baseline parameters were correlated with the DR stages identified by fluorescein angiography.\nBaseline retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was compared between groups of patients requiring panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) within 6 months (PRP group) and patients not requiring PRP (No-PRP group).\n\nResults: \nMacular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thicknesses in diabetic subjects were significantly greater than that in normal controls. All retinal thickness parameters, and particularly peripapillary circular scans, tended to increase with increasing DR severity. The baseline thicknesses of the peripapillary circular scans were greater in the PRP group than in the no-PRP group. \n\nConclusion:\nPeripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness may prove to be a useful criterion for DR severity and may also serve as an indicator of disease progression.

In the case of the growth of changes in the business world, the need for identifying some ways for increasing the competitive advantages is more tangible. In a successful organization, the human resources are qualified well to achieve success in business and to sustain the strategic goals of the organization. That’s why competency-based human resource management is important. Iran national perspective is having important objectives such as turning into regions most influential in the economy, science and technology and having constructive and effective interaction in international relations, needs to have qualified managers at organizations in public and private sectors. This research represents a framework to identify and prioritize Senior Production Managers competencies of Golrang Industrial Group (GIG) by using Fuzzy Analytic Network Process By reviewing the theoretical foundations of the competency of managers and the experience of management experts in the country. This research is descriptive-survey regarding data collection, In terms of approach is qualitative, and the nature of the data analysis is a mixed method and sampling has done by the Non-randomly judgmental method. A Conceptual Model with three dimensions, seven criteria, and 28 sub-criteria was analyzed. Research findings revealed that team-building & team management, operations& processes management, effective communication, specialized knowledge and problem-solving are the most important criteria.

The model of radon (222Rn) transfer is considered in a porous ground layer of finite power. With the help of the Laplace integral transformation, a numerical solution of this model is obtained which is based on the construction of a generalized quadrature formula of the highest degree of accuracy for the transition to the original - the function of solving this problem. The calculated curves are constructed and investigated depending on the diffusion and advection coefficients. It is shown, that the numerical algorithm for inversion of the integral Laplace transform gives good results with a sufficiently small error.

Text classification is a vital process due to the large volume of electronic articles. One of the drawbaks of text classification is the high dimensionality of feature space. Scholars devloped several algorithms to choose relevent features from atricle text such as Chi-square (x2), Information Gain (IG), and Correlation (CFS). These algorithms have been investigated widely for English text, while studies for Arabic text are still limited. In this paper, we investigated four well-known algorithms: Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Naïve Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Decision Tree against benchmark Arabic textual datasets, called Saudi Press Agencey (SPA) to evaluate the impact of festure selection methods. Expermintal results provided evidence that the three feature selection methods often improves classification accuracy by elemintaing irrelevent features.

The paper presents an empirical case of building transformative agency during a formative intervention for developing waste management in a hospital. By using a method called the Change Laboratory, we present the learning process of a local group of health workers and their efforts to question, analyze, model and implement solutions for the hypothesized contradictions. This method is based on the Cultural-Historical Activity Theory, in which a formative intervention is seen as a learning activity, in which subjects are stimulated to form teams for analyzing and for creating solutions to their own activities in order to achieve sustainability. The analysis shows that the method was successful in promoting agency by offering tools for participants to collectively design, and implement a new model of waste management. Such process used cognitive tools that created autonomy by means of learning platforms which motivated practitioners to understand the logic of agency promotion and by monitoring and constant following the transformation of the object of their activity.

With the new era of Information and\nCommunication Technology;collaborative learning is considered to be an e-learning approach where learners are able to socially interact to the others, as well as instructors. In essence, learners work together in order to expand their knowledge of a particular subject or skill. Nowadays, Social Networks could be used as an\ne-learning platform. One would typically log in and collaborate with other learners on a specific topic using the social network as the common working space. In this paper, a new approach is presented for collaborative\nlearning throughout social networks. The behavior the proposed approach is presented. The proposed collaborative e-learning approach consists of three\nmodules. The first one is mobile application which is used for collecting some data about the user and his/her interests that may be considered as a data entry process.\nThe second module is getting some location information using the GPS of the mobile device. The third module\nhere is matching algorithm, which will do two main functions. The first one is matching the interests of the\nusers and displaying the results based on these interests.\nThe second one is displaying the results and sorting it based on the nearest user.in addition to routing\ninformation.

This paper is describing how to add recommendation resources in Blended\nlearning systems. The Blended learning system is a term increasingly used to\ndescribe the way e-learning is being combined with traditional classroom\nmethods and independent study to create a new, which called hybrid\nteaching methodology. It represents a much greater change in basic\ntechnique than simply adding computers to classrooms; it represents, in\nmany cases, a fundamental change in the way teachers and students\napproach the learning experience. This paper describes how an algorithm\ncan be used to make recommendation of resources in the Blended Learning\nfield.

This paper mainly introduces the “power transmission line fault distance measuring system” of Taiwan Power Company. It utilizes and applies the auxiliary function of the established digital relays to power transmission line fault locating and detection. Since 2005, the system has counted the power transmission fault events and analyzed the errors between the calculated fault location and the actual fault location. Results show that the system has high accuracy, efficiency and engineering practicability to maintain the power supply reliability of the power grid and not increase the work load of the operation personnel. In the following contents, this paper will explain how to apply the auxiliary function of the established digital relays to construct the system, as well as how to calculate the fault location and the tolerances as fast as possible. The final part will further illustrate the case statistics.

Abstract\nThis paper presents a new method for mobile robot path planning that based on fast color image segmentation and artificial potential fields. We assumed that environment is static, obstacles are stationary and an overhead camera placed in soffit. The proposed algorithm is able to be extended for dynamic environments too. Algorithm have two main parts in first part we use a new fast color image segmentation algorithm to identify the obstacles in environment and then in second part segmented image used to find secure path between start point and target point. Presented article is combined approach between two light weight and fast method in both courses of Image processing and Robotic with aim to find merged algorithm for path planning problems. Our experimental test have really promising result that show new method is work properly.

ABSTRACT\nThis study was conducted in the department of Urology, Shaikh Zayad Hospital Lahore and Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from Feb 2008 to Dec 2009. The aim was to find out the relationship of biochemical risk factors in serum and 24 hours urine with the formation of upper urinary tract calculi in Peshawar and Lahore divisions. \nA total of 50 cases (25 patients and 25 controls) were studied from each area and the results were compared. Significantly raised serum calcium (P value 0.006) and total serum protein levels were found in patients from Lahore as compared to Peshawar. Moreover, serum creatinine (p value 0.048) and 24 hours urinary calcium excretion were high in patients from Peshawar, while inorganic serum phosphate was low in patients from Lahore. Surprisingly unilateral stone disease was found to be more common in patients from Lahore, while bilateral stone disease was more prevalent in patients from Peshawar (P=0.0001). However, the biochemical analysis of stones from both areas showed calcium oxalate as the main stone component.