Salinity is a major limiting factor for crop growth and productivity especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore this study was conducted in order to compare the effect of applying Nano Silver on mitigating salinity negative effects on Bitter Vetch (Vicia ervilia L.) seeds. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), on the seed germination, germination percentage (GP), seedlings vigor index (VI), germination index (GI), tolerance index (TI), root and shoot length (RL and SL) of Bitter Vetch Seeds Survival under Salinity Levels. To create salinity stress, sodium chloride (NaCl) at the levels of 0 (as control), 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 dS/m and five levels of silver nanoparticles (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm) on Bitter Vetch seed were tested. The germination percentage, shoot length, root length, seedling fresh weight and seedling dry weight traits showed significant differences among Bitter Vetch seed in treatment solutions. Overall, application of Ag nanoparticles was beneficial in improving salinity tolerance in the Bitter Vetch seedling and its application may stimulate the differences defense mechanisms of plants against salt toxicity.

This study examines the effect of regulatory changes on audit quality in the French context. The literature shows that audit fees represent one of the factors which influence audit quality by representing public data elements which can influence the earnings management. The objective of this research lies in the study of the effect of regulations regarding audits on the amount of audit fees as an element which explains the independence of the auditor.\nA list of hypothesis related to the approached problems is proposed followed by an overview of the different theoretical propositions which are in place. From a sample of French companies in the SBF 250 over the period 2002-2011, the results show that the analysis of the determinants of audit fees which is directly related to the acceptance of the auditor to carry out their duties, our results show that the audit fees is determined by the organizational factor of the company, financial health and existence of Big auditor.

Boerhavia procumbens is important and rare studied medicinal plants belong to the family of Nyctaginaceae. This study aimed to evaluate the different parts leaves, root, stem of B. procumbens for the qualitative and quantitative screening of phytochemicals, anti-oxidant, total reductive capability, antimicrobial and antileshmanial activities. The phytoconstituents analysis of B. procumbens showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenols in remarkable quantity. Secondary metabolite saponins was present in high amount in the leaves and stem i.e. 28.96 and 12.73% respectively while the roots possessed 4.06% flavonoids. The crude extract obtained from roots, stem and leaves with different solvent conditions were in vitro analyzed for antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antileishmanial activity. The antioxidant activity of B. procumbens was evaluated by two methods i.e. DPPH and total reductive capability assay. Methanol extracts of roots, stem and leaves showed significant DPPH inhibition power with IC50 of 175.9, 187.1 and 197 µg/mL respectively. Similarly the methanol extracts of stem and leaves while n-hexane extract of roots showed high total reductive power (Fe3+ to Fe2+ transformation). In case of antibacterial potential, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.5 mg/mL against many bacterial strain. In case of antifungal activity, the highest inhibition zones were above 10 mm at concentration of 1 mg/mL. The crude extracts showed significant antileishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica parasite. The highest activity was recorded in case of methanol extract of leaves with IC50 of 15.88 µg/mL and stem extract of methanol with IC50 of 22.34 µg/mL. The results were compared with their respective standard. The results are relevant and suggest the potential of B. procumbens for therapeutic uses.

The modern transitional societies through their social development face numerous traumas. One of them is the corruption. It can be concluded that the corruption is a current problem in the world. It is getting clear how spread it is and what the social organized answer to that situation is. The socio-economic development, the institutional and the political system or the dominant social and cultural norms are elements that together can be shaped in different ways, but the corruption still remains an evil from which no country is speared, including Macedonia. The citizens feel the corruption as a problem that are facing with every day.\n This paper attempts to show the model of research of the corruption through the results from the researches of the public opinion about the corruption in Macedonia in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. There are presented three sets of assessments related to the degree of risk and the degree of corruption in certain activities, professions and institutions. According to the degree of corruption (from 0 no corruption, 1-the least to 10- the most) the citizens estimate that it is highest among the customs and the custom workers which in 2013 was 8,18 and in 2014 7,96. Then the political leaders in 2013 were marked by an average mark of 8,06 and in 2014 with 7,93, followed by the political parties marked by 8,04 in 2013 and with 8,09 in 2014. In 2015 as the most corrupted were marked “in the political parties” with an average mark of 8,07, followed by the political leaders with 8,01, then the customs and the customs workers with 7,69. In 2016 was kept the tendency so as the most corrupted were marked the political leaders with mark 7,81 and the political leaders with 7,78. The total estimates in 2016 are somewhat lower than the previous three years when they exceeded the values over 8 and now they are under that value. In 2017 the tendency of marks above 8 is retained. The most corrupted are the \"political leaders\", with an average score of 8.08, followed by \"political parties\" with 8.00, \"customs and customs officials\" with 7.73, \"the holders of state (administrative) functions\" with 7, 70 and \"the civil servants\" with a score of 7.35.

The accumulation of low-molecular antioxidants and carbohydrates in three wintering plants of Yakutia in the summer-autumn period (July, August, September) was studied. Determination of the content of the sum of low-molecular antioxidants (LMAO), the sum of flavonoids, ascorbic acid and the sum of carbohydrates was conducted spectrofotometrically in the needle of pinus silvestris l. and annual shoots of ledum palustre l., rosa acicularis Lindl. The research shows that in general a decrease in temperature (the transition from summer months to autumn months) increases the content of LMAO in the three examined plants. Provided that the increase of the LMAO amount in the content descends to a greater extend due to the accumulation of ascorbic acid. In the dynamics of accumulation of flavonoids during the studied period, the maximum was noticed in August and was followed by a decline in September. In the dynamics of the content of carbohydrates (reducing sugars), as well as the LMAO, was revealed a gradual increase in the period from July to September. The wide fluctuations in the content of the sum of LMAO, ascorbic acid and flavonoids with decreasing temperature were found in the rosa acicularis Lindl. as well as in the sugars in the needles of pinus silvestris l. Thus, the revealed dynamics of accumulation of LMAO in wintering plants (fraction of flavonoids, ascorbic acid) in the period of preparation for the transition to winter dormancy did not show the presence of an explicit dependence on the accumulation of the main cryoprotectants of plants - carbohydrates.

The aims of this article are to study the stability rock slopes using the artificial neural network and Markov chains models at Roodbar area located at a distance of about 100 km from Southern Aligoodarz, Lorestan. The parameters Stability such as geological, geotechnical, topographical and hydrogeological are collected using field studies of Roodbar area. Then, the influence of these parameters is studied at dry and saturation state simultaneously. In the following, the results of mentioned above models indicated that the rock slopes of case study area at the dry state are stable more than the saturation state. Therefore, these rock slopes at the saturation state should be stabilizing. Finally, the comparison of the results of mentioned above models shows that the results of Markov chains models have the better good agreement with the experimental results than results of neuron network model.