Soft skills of independent learning and critical thinking are necessary in the 21st century. Independent learning trains students to have a responsible attitude when performing assigned tasks by using ideas, the innovation and creativity that students have to complete assigned tasks and hopefully it will continue to be integrated into adulthood. At the same time, critical thinking skills are needed to analyze existing knowledge and resources to solve problems that students encounter in daily life. The project-based learning (PBL) model supports students to actively participate in learning activities and project creation processes, so that learning materials become easier to understand and skills can be developed. skills such as independent learning and critical thinking. Analyze the impact of the PBL model on independent learning skills. Quantitative method with MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) analysis was used in this study. This study uses a control class of 19 students and an experimental class of 10 students. The results show that applying the PBL model has a significant impact on critical thinking skills and learning independence, as evidenced by the significance level of 0.000 < 0.05 and 0.011 < 0.05. The learning process by giving projects to fifth grade elementary students provides an opportunity to develop basic concepts of the material available to them. During the project implementation process, many problems will certainly arise that encourage students to think critically when solving problems. Independent learning occurs before analysis, where students must gather multiple references to find and support their hypotheses to come up with more effective and efficient solutions.

ABSTRACT \n\nThis study was conducted to explore the element of valuing diversity among headteachers that create good organizational collectivist culture in Internal Control System (ICS) of schools’ financial management. This element of valuing diversity is based on one of the attributes of steward leadership practice framework developed by April, Kukard and Peters in 2013. In accordance with Treasury Instructions 308, there are four aspects of internal control involved in this study, which is management control, receipt control, expenditure control and asset and store control. This study is a multiple case study involving seven participants, namely seven headteachers in seven public elementary schools who received excellent financial audit status from Malaysian Ministry of Education for three years consecutively. This study uses interview as a main data collection method and had been analyzed using Nvivo12. The findings show that the headteachers providing opportunities, encouraging different views, encouraging collaboration, discussing employee performance, creating role models, and signaling through action to inculcate the value diversity to implement ICS in school’s financial management. Researchers suggest that a steward leadership module need to be widely used as a guideline for school leaders to create an effective financial governance. In addition, the researchers suggest that the further research need to be conducted in Responsibility Centre (PTj) schools to gain a clearer interpretation and perspectives as financial allocation is fully managed by their own headteachers in school finance committee.

Abstract\nThe first case of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia was discovered on March 2, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic is a multidimensional crisis that has had a negative impact on various fields, including the journalism sector, especially press freedom, press democracy, and the press as a pillar of the Fourth Estate. The aim of this research is to analyse the impact of interest manipulation on the independence of television journalists in reporting about the COVID-19 vaccine. This research uses a case study that examines the editorial background in reporting on the COVID-19 vaccine. This research aims to reveal the manipulation of interests behind news about the COVID-19 vaccine. The research object consists of four private television stations selected based on a purposive sample, namely iNews TV, Metro TV, TV One, and Trans 7. The government guarantees that it will not hinder the critical power of journalists, so that media independence remains a priority. However, journalists must pay attention to the impact of the news and the needs of society. The results of the research show that there are irregularities in the newsroom regarding the government\'s involvement in regulation. The government, through the National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB), is trying to intervene in journalistic work so that reporting is in line with the wishes of the government as the main policymaker. In addition, researchers found that there was intervention from internal and external companies that attempted to influence the content and direction of editorial reporting policies regarding the COVID-19 vaccine.

Online Learning is part of Blended learning and is a learning technique in which use of both ordinary teaching and advanced modern online teaching, online learning materials are largely used. It has been around for more than two decades however not got the approval it sought to have. It is the dissemination of e-learning module courses using internet infrastructure and sources. This study, therefore, aims to review students, teachers, professionals’ perceptions of blended online learning on various aspects of the learning process. The study seeks to answer the question as to whether there is any correlation amidst stakeholders derived independent variable and their perception concerning the merits and demerits of online blended learning. The aim of the study is also to show how well students and business professionals accept blended learning as a new normal. The primary and secondary methodology used by conducting a survey and further analysis of the information got is applied. The data collection involves 385 education stakeholders who participated in the online survey and the results were analyzed using modern PLS. \n Online education seems to stay for the time and in the future as per consensus through interviews and surveys conducted. \nOnline blended learning has been seen to optimize the maximum benefits of old teaching methods and access to online learning materials. Also, will allow more students to access the learning and will develop professor skills in adjusting the assessment for digital.

Background: Learning Management Systems (LMS) have facilitated a pivotal change in educational practices by enhancing content dissemination and ena-bling data-driven insights on pedagogical strategies. However, their full poten-tial might not be realized without mutual engagement between faculty and stu-dents. The Student Assistant E-Learning Delivery (SAED) program addresses this by developing student-faculty partnerships leveraging trained student assis-tants to be active members of the e-learning delivery. Objective: This study evaluates SAED\'s impacts on student achievement and Blackboard engagement across a large, diverse university population using exploratory data analysis. Methods: Data from 2223 students enrolled in 24 university courses, both with SAED implementation and non-SAED controls, were analyzed. Course pass percentages, average section scores, individual student scores, and Blackboard platform metrics were compared between the SAED and control groups. SAED effects were evaluated overall and within subgroups determined by semester, sex, campus, discipline, faculty, and course. Results: The study observed high overall pass rates (98.1%) and average course section scores (4.3 out of 5.0), in-dicating robust academic performance. There was no significant difference in pass rates and scores between SAED and control groups. Notably, SAED had a positive impact on scores for female students and those in the Humanities/Social Sciences college, while it showed lower scores in males and in the Law/Political Science college compared to the control group. SAED yielded comparable Blackboard engagement to non-SAED control groups. Interestingly, higher ex-am scores were correlated with lower item counts on Blackboard. Conclusion: The SAED program offers an effective strategy to facilitate e-learning while achieving equitable outcomes to standard \"sole faculty-delivery\" approaches. However, findings reveal untapped opportunities to engage student assistants as partners in pedagogical innovation and course enhancement beyond basic sup-port roles.

This study investigated the challenges and opportunities of online learning in disadvantaged schools during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study was conducted using Qualitative method. The participants in the study includes a total of 12 women school leaders that were purposively selected in three public secondary schools that were selected. Amongst the 12 participants, there were two school principals, two deputy principals, three Head of Departments (HODs) and five grade head teachers. The data was collected using biographical questionnaires and individual semi-structured interviews. The data collected was analysed used Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Miner lite software. The findings of the study revealed that the challenges of online learning in disadvantaged schools included lack of teacher�s ICT competencies and lack of communication with parents. The opportunities of online learning in disadvantaged schools according to the findings was learners independence in learning.

Background: People generally takes auto medicate for common ailments. Proletariat are involving in auto medicates because they wants to be cure in pithy time. Sometimes auto medicate works quickly but it is dangerous in maximum times. It creates so many problems which may be very dangerous. Auto medicate can ruin the people palpably and fervidly. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted betwixt the medical (B. Pharma students) and non-medical (B.C.A students) University at PDM University, Bahadurgarh, Haryana in December 2022. A ratified questionnaire was filled by 200 participants and analyzed using SYSTAT 13. Results: It was found that 63.5% of medical students are in favor of auto medicate, whereas 37.5% of non-medical students prefer auto medicate. From this survey results, it is found that the medical students prefer the auto medicate compared to students in a non-medical field. Conclusion: Awareness campaigns regarding medicine without prescription should be planned by the professionals who are involved in health care. The selling of medicine without prescription should be restricted so that auto medicates practice should be reduced.

Pharmacoeconomics and its outcome research is a new branch of science in India involving medical, pharmaceutical, social science. It refers to the scientific discipline that compares the value of pharmaceutical drugs or drug therapies. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation is an analytical tool used with increasing frequency to assist decision making in the financing and management of pharmaceutical products in the health care system or national health insurance programs of an individual country. The pharmacoeconomic analysis includes the research methods related to cost minimization, cost effectiveness, cost benefit analysis. The present study concerned with the pharmacoeconomic analysis of statin tablets (Simvastatin, Atorvastatin, and Rosuvastatin) of different brands which are varying in their prices by in vitro evaluation methods. Weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration and dissolution tests of all statin tablets were performed as per official procedure for the pharmacoeconomic analysis. The study concluded that there is no significant correlation between cost and in vitro performance as there is no excellent in vitro performance found from the costliest tablets and vice versa.

AIM: To find out seroprevalence of HSV-2 among HIV seropositive individuals. To find out the association between HSV-2 and HIV infections. To examine the influence of certain factors associated with HSV-2 infection.\nINTRODUCTION:\nHerpes simplex virus infection is an ancient disease first described in the 5th century B.C. Herpes simplex virus infection remains highly prevalent in general population. The presence of genital herpes increases the transmission of HIV, and the presence of HIV adversely affects the natural history of herpes simplex virus infection. When compared with HIV negative persons, HSV-2 reactivates three to five times more often in HIV positive persons. HSV-2 and its potential interaction with HIV emerged as a major public health problem for countries facing the global HIV pandemic\nMATERIAL AND METHODS:\nBlood samples were collected from 132 HIV seropositive individuals who attended the voluntary counseling and testing center, Department of Microbiology, FIMS kadapa , Blood Sample , Test kit used for detection of HSV-2 IgG antibodies was Euroimmun AntiHSV-2 ELISA (IgG) kit for semiquantitative analysis of IgG antibodies to Herpes simplex virus type 2 in serum. It is an invitro diagnostic tes\nRESULTS:\nIn the test group IgG antibodies to HSV–2 were detected in 100 patients (75.8%) and in the control group it was detected in 10 persons (20%), The prevalence of HSV-2 seropositivity was found to be highest in the elementary group (91.6%) followed by in the high school group (77.5%). prevalence of HSV-2 seropositivity was highest in the male (77.6%) than in the female (73.2%) The prevalence of HSV-2 seropostivity was highest in the married group (78.3%) than in the unmarried group (65.3%).\n\n CONCLUSION:\nIn the test group 100 HIV seropositive patients had IgG antibodies to HSV-2 and thus the seroprevalence was 75.8%. Thus HSV-2, could be an important risk factor associated with HIV acquisition. \nThe prevalence of HSV-2 seropositivity was high in men (77.6%) than in women (73.2%).

Wind energy emerged as most economical of all renewable energy sources. For extracting the optimum of produced power although different wind speed changes. We need a good MPPT maximum power point tracking. In this paper, we present a comparative analysis between two control methods for extraction the maximum power, Proportional-Integral (PI) control and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC). Under different wind speed conditions and according to different performance indices. The simulation results show that FLC controller is better, fast and accurate, compared to PI controller. Nevertheless, the latter has a better ratio (quality/price) than the fuzzy controller does.

The grid integration of a photovoltaic park requires some rules to be fulfilled, rules stipulated in local normative. One of the common constraint is the voltage and reactive power control. In some cases this could lead to dangerous transient phenomena, associated with overvoltages and current circulations. In this paper such a scenario is discussed showing not only the causes and effects, but also some recommendation to avoid possible damages, based on oscillograms recorded by digital protective relays.

The knowledge on how static magnetic fields (SMF) of magnetic implants affect living cells and tissues is limited while these magnetic devices are more and more frequently adopted in certain surgical approaches. In this study, we exposed cultures of human gallbladder cancer cells to SMF continuously for up to 7 days, trying to simulate the exposure pattern of surgical magnetic implants, and implanted magnetic devices into tumor-bearing nude mice for 1 month, then evaluated the effect on proliferation and apoptosis of cancer cells and tissues. The results showed that after SMF exposure, while in vitro study showed decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis of the gallbladder cancer cells, in vivo study showed no significant differences both on proliferation and on apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings indicate that with current magnetic biliary anastomosis technique, SMF from the magnetic devices shows little effects on proliferative and apoptotic activities of gallbladder cancer cells in vivo, while there are still possibilities that long-term continuous SMF exposure from surgical magnetic implants may interact with cells, probably in a feeble manner though.

Bangladesh is an overpopulated and the most densely populated country. It is the world\

The effect of anticorrosive layer on the fatigue life of the 2024-T-351-aluminium alloy has been studied in the present investigation. The fatigue tests were conducted on the aluminium alloy with and without anodizing to evaluate the fatigue life. The results indicate that the fatigue life of the anodized specimens is significantly less than untreated specimens. Further, experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of anodizing process parameters on the fatigue life of anodized specimens. These results show that the fatigue life of the anodized aluminium alloy can be improved by controlling the anodizing process parameters such as process temperature, voltage, and time of immersion.