The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the creative home environment test (CHET) for elementary school students. First, after deducting the domain and components through literature research, the content validity by experts was confirmed and 20 questions in two domains were developed as preliminary test questions. The participants of this study were 145 elementary school students, and the collected data were statistically processed using SPSS WIN 22.0 and AMOS WIN 22.0 programs to verify the reliability and validity of the test. The appropriateness of the sample of KMO(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) was confirmed and Bartlett\'s sphere formation test was performed. Exploratory factor analysis was performed by using the main axis decomposition method and oblimin rotation, confirmatory factor analysis maximum likelihood method, and fitness indexes such as CFI, IFI, TLI and RMSEA were used. The final decision of the creative home environment test for elementary school students was made in two domains, total 17 questions, and the reliability of each area was Cronbach .750~.878, and the total reliability was .892. As such, the creative home environment test developed in this study has the validity and reliability of measurement questions for each area, so it can be used to measure the creative home environment for elementary school students.

This review is about what it takes to talk recently published exploring developmental cognitive linguistics. Its aim is to give an overall summary and evaluation. The book is to investigate the role of cognition in the language learning process and address the developmental mechanism in balance between creativity and conformity in language acquisition and use. It is beneficial for our understanding of cognitive basis of linguistics and language development.

This study aims to investigate the dimensions and infrastructures effective in the development of electronic government (E-government) in the two cities of Erzurum and Tabriz (as pilot). The factors affecting the E-government maturity are as follows: individual dimension, organizational dimension, technological dimension and the services provided. Research population includes the active citizens in the two cities of Erzurum and Tabriz (as two societies independent from each other). The study sample in Erzurum and Tabriz consists of 435 and 406 citizens, respectively. In addition to confirming the maturity of E-government model and the presence of significant relationship between each of the factors affecting it, the results identified that organizational dimension, technological dimension, as well as the services provided are in a better position in Erzurum compared to Tabriz. However, there is not any significant difference between the two cities of Erzurum and Tabriz regarding the individual dimension of E-government.

The latent variables embedded within the model to measure the academic performance of private higher education institutions are identified in this article. For the quantitative research design, 247 questionnaires, using a five-point Likert scale, were analysed after completion by private higher education supervisors and managers. The data has high reliability with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.989 and excellent sample adequacy with a KMO value of 0.946. The analysis identified ten latent variables (or factors), using exploratory factor analysis explaining a cumulative variance of 73.70%. These are Motivation, workload and student participation, Parent income level, attitudes and expectations, Institutional commitment and self-efficacy, Active learning and infrastructure, Class size, Help-seeking and attendance, Selectivity, expenditure and retention, Economic factors, Student maturity and success, and Self-concept. The study also succeeded to simplify measuring performance by eliminating 17 questions with low factor loadings (<0.40) or those that are cross-loading highly onto more than one factor from the questionnaire while retaining a satisfactory level of reliability. The results are valuable to private higher education managers and to the employees wanting to measure and improve academic performance at private higher education institutions. Researchers and academia could also benefit from the contribution of the study to either build on the academic performance of private institutions or to adopt the methodology employed in this study for another application setting.

This study aims to understand and discover the social, cultural and educational nature of curiosity and its value. The study is built on the question �what is the social, cultural and educational nature and value of curiosity. In the first part of the study, the conceptual opening of curiosity and its historical background are presented; in the second part, the phenomenon of curiosity is analysed in an educational and sociocultural context; and the third and last chapter, the phenomenon of �curiosity� is discussed with its descriptive, casual and consequential multidimensionality, and the information obtained from various sources is interpreted. This research was designed as a review of the narrative literature and the �overview� type of narrative literature review was chosen. There are two reasons why this type is preferred in the study. The first is to investigate the state of knowledge regarding the phenomenon of �curiosity�, which the focus of the study, and to bring together the known, and -yet- the unknown about curiosity. Parallel to this, the second reason is the scarcity of studies dealing with curiosity in terms of its definition, types, and sociocultural and educational context in the national literature. The findings of the study show that curiosity is a phenomenon that marks the need and the desire to know, and that it motivates reasoning. It is a psychological impulse, a social stimulus, and a cultural notion. It is also a dynamic intrinsic motivation for learning. Curiosity is a strong indicator of academic success and performance. This phenomenon, which underwent a conceptual metamorphosis over time, was seen as �immoral� from Antiquity until the 16th century, and as a �healthy passion� starting from the 17th century and has been praised since then. Today, it is accepted as a concept with a dual nature (positive and negative). In its positive manifestation, it is an epistemic source of value and is characterised as both a moral and intellectual virtue, while it points to a disturbing situation like the pursuit of useless investigations in its negative manifestation. In the study, attention is drawn to the fact that curiosity is an issue that has educational, social and cultural dimensions. It is emphasised that the fact that societies are homogeneous or heterogeneous, individual or collective, based on ideologies or on human relations positively or negatively affects the phenomenon of �curiosity,� and it is claimed that there are many forms of curiosity that produced and/or are produced in the composition of social relations in Turkey. Also, in the study, it was stated that curiosity is an educational necessity; it is the driving force of epistemic progress with its exploratory side and is a virtue that makes it possible to gain new perspectives and realise new learning, and that the low or high level of curiosity in a society has an individual, social and cultural context. As a result, it is stated that there is a need for more theoretical and empirical studies in the national literature, both in the context of definitions and classifications of curiosity, and in the cognitive, behavioural and neurological references of curiosity, that address curiosity in an educational and sociocultural context and that reveal what different types of curiosity exist in different disciplines.

This study focuses on two main objectives. The first one is to identify the target needs based on context of necessities, lacks and wants for developing a teaching module on Arabic Language Essay Writing Skills (ALEWS); the second one is to identify learning needs from the aspect of need for the writing process approach in ALEWS teaching and learning and characteristics of the ALEWS teaching module. One set of questionnaire adapted from the theory of needs analysis of language by Hutchinson and Waters was used for collecting data from 330 teachers with more than five years’ experience in Arabic language teaching. The findings show that from the target needs aspect, the ALEWS module is appropriate for development because of the importance of mastering this skill among students, lack of good existing module in T&L essay writing in Arabic and components of writing skills to be developed by teachers in student essay writing. From the learning needs aspect, teachers strongly agreed that the writing process approach was suitable as an activity in ALEWS T&L. The module characteristics desired by teachers including enhancing student performance in ALEWS achieved agreement at very necessary level for many characteristics of the module suggested. One implication of this study is that it can help in carrying out in-depth exploration for developing a teaching ALEWS module based on the writing process approach for secondary schools.

In this study, Bertrand curve concept has been defined according to\nthe modified orthogonal frame at non-zero points of curvature and torsion in the\nMinkowski 3-space. Later, the characteristic theorems related to distance between\nthe corresponding points of these curves have been given. Besides, the modified\nframe for the Bertrand mate is introduced . In addition, the condition for the\ncurve to be Bertrand curve is given. Further, the curvature and the torsion for the\nBertrand mate are introduced in terms of the curvature and the torsion for the\nBertrand curve in Minkowski 3-space. Finally, some examples are introduced.

Agricultural financing is a major concern to farmers, intermediaries and agricultural marketers. Constant decline in funding agriculture by government and private entities are perceived to adversely affected nation’s economic growth and infrastructural developments. Many researches had been conducted on economic growth but not many considered the effect of agricultural finance in their study. This study considered the probably influence of agricultural finance on economic growth in Nigeria. The research adopted the ex post facto research design and used secondary data for a period of thirty years (1988-2017). The study adopts descriptive and inferential statistics to analyse the data at 5% level of significance. Multiple regression analysis method was used to determine the relationship between agricultural financing and economic growth as the aggregate model. The study revealed that agriculture financing positively influenced economic growth in Nigeria (Adj R2 =0.941450, F (3, 30) = 156.4357; P= 0.00). There was evidenced that loan to individuals has significant relationships with economic growth in Nigeria while loan to companies and to cooperatives do not have significant relationship with economic growth. The study therefore concluded that agricultural financing has a positive significant influence on economic growth in Nigeria and recommends amongst others that the government should put in place more policies which will make loans and financing for agriculture enhancement available to the general public in order to stimulate economic growth. \nWord count: 225

Fog computing has been addressed as one of the prime candidates for Internet of Things (IoT) applications in near future. Task management in the large-scale network is the chief research issue in the fog assisted IoT environment. Many research works have been undertaken in task scheduling and offloading in the fog-IoT environment. None of these works address the need of security in fog task management. To be precise, the fog resources are likely to be used by the unauthorized users in recent times. In this paper, we address this above issue and resolve through our novel secure triune layered (Sec-TriL) architecture. A novel triune layer is constructed with device layer, fog layer and cloud layer. In the device layer, Two-Fold Physically Unclonable Function (TF-PUF)approach is presented with the Montgomery Curve Encryption (MCE) to identify the authorized users. In next layer, the fog nodes are arranged in the Hybrid Start Peer-to-Peer (HyS-P2P) topology to manage the fog resources. The tasks from authorized users are scheduled to fog nodes on the basis of Priority-aware Adaptive Scheduling (PAS) protocol that is operated with the Adaptive Threshold Function Cross Entropy (ATFXE) queue management policy. When the fog layer suffers with overloading problem, the super fog node initiates Dual-Constraint Teaching Learning based Optimization (DC-TLBO) for task offloading upon task-oriented constraints and fog-oriented constraints. To evaluate the performance of the proposed work, the overall work is implemented in iFogSim simulator. The observations are made on time efficiency (response time, delay, offloading time), throughput and energy consumption show promising results in fog-assisted IoT environment.